Re-introduction of an extinct population of Pulsatilla patens using different propagation techniques

Uotila, P. Pulsatilla patens × vernalis in Finland. Memo. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn. 56, 111–117 (1980).
Uotila, P. Decline of Anemone patens (Ranunculaceae) in Finland. Symb. Bot. Ups. 31, 205–210 (1996).
Uotila, P. Will the Eastern Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla patens) disappear from the Finnish flora? Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Yearbook 2006, 73v80 (2007).
Holub, J. & Procházka, F. Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia 72, 187–230 (2000).
Rassi, P., Alanen, A., Kanerva, T. & Mannerkoski, I. The 2000 Red List of Finnish species. The II Committee for the Monitoring of Threatened Species in Finland (The Ministry of the Environment Helsinki, 2001).
Pilt, I. & Kukk, Ü. Pulsatilla patens and Pulsatilla pratensis (Ranunculaceae) in Estonia: Distribution and ecology. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol. 51, 242–256 (2002).
Google Scholar
Kalliovirta, M., Kukk, U. & Ryttäri, T. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (eds Ryttäri, T., Kukk, U., Kull, T., Jäkäläniemi, A. & Reitalu, M.). Monitoring of Threatened Vascular Plants in Estonia and Finland—Methods and Experiences 37–47 (SYKE, 2003).
Wójtowicz, W. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Sasanka otwarta. (eds Werblan-Jakubiec, H. & Sudnik-Wójcikowska, B.). Poradnik ochrony siedlisk i gatunków Natura 2000—podręcznik metodyczny. Gatunki roślin 168–171 (GIOS Warszawa, 2004). (In Polish).
Röder, D. & Kiehl, K. Population structure and population dynamic of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in relation to vegetation characteristics. Flora 201, 499–507 (2006).
Google Scholar
Juśkiewicz-Swaczyna, B. & Choszcz, D. Effect of habitat quality on the structure of populations of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (Ranunculaceae)—rare and endangered species of European flora. Pol. J. Ecol. 60, 567–576 (2012).
Pawlikowski, P. & Wójtowicz, W. EN Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Sasanka otwarta. (eds Kaźmierczakowa, R., Zarzycki K. & Mirek, Z.), Polish Red Data Book of Plants. Pteridophytes and Flowering Plants 186–188 (Institute of Nature Conservation PAS Kraków, 3rd. Edition, 2014). (In Polish).
Kaźmierczakowa, R. et al. Polska czerwona lista paprotników i roślin kwiatowych 44 (Institute of Nature Conservation PAS Kraków, 2016). (In Polish).
Szczecińska, M., Sramko, G., Wołosz, K. & Sawicki, J. Genetic diversity and population structure of the rare and endangered plant species Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in East Central Europe. PLoS ONE 11, e0151730. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151730 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wildeman, A. G. & Steeves, T. A. The morphology and growth cycle of Anemone patens. Can. J. Bot. 60, 1126–1137 (1982).
Google Scholar
Moora, M., Öpik, M., Sen, R. & Zobel, M. Native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities differentially influence the seedling performance of rare and common Pulsatilla species. Funct. Ecol. 18, 554–562 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kalamees, R., Püssa, K., Vanha-Majamaa, I. & Zobel, K. The effects of fire and stand age on seedling establishment of Pulsatilla patens in a pine dominated boreal forest. Can. J. Bot. 83, 688–693 (2005).
Google Scholar
Kalliovirta, M., Ryttäri, T. & Heikkinen, R. K. Population structure of a threatened plant, Pulsatilla patens, in boreal forests: Modelling relationships to overgrowth and site closure. Biodivers. Conserv. 15, 3095–3108 (2006).
Google Scholar
Szczecińska, M., Łazarski, G. & Bilska, K. The complete plastid genome and nuclear genome markers provide molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Pulsatilla × hackelii Pohl. Turk. J. Bot. 41, 329–337. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1610-2 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kricsfalusy, V. Variations in the life cycle of Anemone patens L. (Ranunculaceae) in wild populations of Canada. Plants 5, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants5030029 (2016).
Google Scholar
Chmura, D. Zagrożenia lokalnych populacji sasanki otwartej Pulsatilla patens na przykładzie stanowiska na Sodowej Górze. Chrońmy Przyr. Ojcz. 59, 14–27 (2003) (In Polish with English summary).
Nowak, T., Tokarska-Guzik, B. & Chmura, D. Materiały do Atlasu rozmieszczenia oraz stanu zasobów roślin chronionych i zagrożonych rejonu górnośląskiego—PRESS Część 7. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (Ranunculaceae). Acta Biol. Siles. 35, 191–199 (2000) (In Polish with English summary).
Whiting, S. N. et al. Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation. Restor. Ecol. 12, 106–116 (2004).
Google Scholar
Siuta, A., Bożek, M., Jędrzejczyk, M., Rostański, A. & Kuta, E. Is the blue zinc violet (Viola guestphalica Nauenb.) a taxon of hybrid origin? Evidence from embryology. Acta Biol. Cracov. series Bot. 47, 237–245 (2005).
Zhao, F. J. & McGrath, S. P. Biofortification and phytoremediation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12, 373–380 (2009).
Google Scholar
Baumbach, H. Metallophytes and metallicolous vegetation: Evolutionary aspects, taxonomic changes and conservational status in Central Europe. (ed Tiefenbacher, J.). Perspectives on Nature Conservation—Patterns, Pressures and Prospects. Ch. 4 (InTech, 2012).
Sharrock, S. & Jones, M. Saving Europe’s threatened flora: progress towards GSPC Target 8 in Europe. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9912-z (2011).
Google Scholar
Abeli, T. et al. Ex situ collections and their potential for the restoration of extinct plants. Conserv. Biol. 34, 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13391 (2020).
Google Scholar
Abeli, T. et al. Seventeen ‘extinct’ plant species back to conservation attention in Europe. Nat. Plants 7, 282–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00878-1 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lesage, J. C., Press, D. & Holl, K. D. Lessons from the reintroduction of listed plant species in California. Biodivers. Conserv. 29, 3703–3716 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sheikholeslami, B., Shukla, M., Turi, C., Harpur, C. & Saxena, P. K. Saving threatened plant species: Reintroduction of Hill’s thistle (Cirsium hillii. (Canby) Fernald) to its natural habitat. PLoS ONE 15, e0231741 (2020).
Google Scholar
Żabicki, P. et al. Does somaclonal variation play advantageous role in conservation practice of endangered species? Comprehensive genetic studies of in vitro propagated plantlets of Viola stagnina Kit. (Violaceae). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 136, 339–352 (2019).
Google Scholar
Żabicki, P. et al. Cryopreservation and post-thaw genetic integrity of Viola stagnina Kit., an endangered species of wet habitats—A useful tool in ex situ conservation. Sci. Hortic. 284, 110056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110056 (2021).
Google Scholar
Żabicka, J. et al. Genotype-dependent mass somatic embryogenesis: A chance to recover extinct populations of Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 146, 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02074-7 (2021).
Google Scholar
Li, J.-T. et al. Successful micropropagation of the cadmium hyperaccumulator Viola baoshanensis (Violaceae). Int. J. Phytoremediation 12, 761–771 (2010).
Google Scholar
Muszyńska, E., Hanus-Fajerska, E. & Koźmińska, A. Differential tolerance to lead and cadmium of micropropagated Gypsophila fastigiata ecotype. Water Air Soil Pollut. 229, 42 (2018).
Google Scholar
Muszyńska, E., Labudda, M., Różańska, E., Hanus-Fajerska, E. & Koszelnik-Leszek, A. Structural, physiological and genetic diversification of Silene vulgaris ecotypes from heavy metal-contaminated areas and their synchronous in vitro cultivation. Planta 249, 1761–1778 (2019).
Google Scholar
Baker, A. J. M., Ernst, W. H. O., Van der Ent, A., Malaisse, F. & Ginocchio, R. Metallophytes: the unique biological resource, its ecology and conservational status in Europe, central Africa and Latin America. In Ecology of Industrial Pollution (eds Hallberg, K. B. & Batty, L. C.) (Cambridge University Press, British Ecological Society, 2010).
Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x (1962).
Google Scholar
Bolkovskikh, Z. V., Grif, V. G., Zakhareva, O. I. & Matveeva, T. C. (eds). Chromosome numbers of flowering plants (Brooker R. W., Carlsson B. Å. & Callaghan T. V., Nauka, 1969)
Marhold, K. et al. Karyological database of ferns and flowering plants of Slovakia. http://147.213.100.121/webapp/ (2005).
Sramkó, G., Laczkób, L., Volkovac, P. A., Bateman, R. M. & Mlinarec, J. Evolutionary history of the Pasque-flowers (Pulsatilla, Ranunculaceae): molecular phylogenetics, systematics and rDNA evolution. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 135, 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.015 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kowolik, M., Szarek-Łukaszewska, G. & Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska, M. Użytek ekologiczny “Pleszczotka górska” w cynkowo-ołowiowym terenie pogórniczym—Potrzeba aktywnej ochrony. Chrońmy Przyr. Ojcz. 66, 35–38 (2010) (In Polish).
Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska, M., & Szarek-Łukaszeska, G., Calaminarian grasslands—threats and conservation prospects—‘BioGalmany’ projects. (Ed. Szarek-Łukaszewska, G.) Buckler mustard (Biscutella laevigata L.) an extraordinary plant on ordinary mine heaps near Olkusz. 295–314 (W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020).
Jonsson, O., Rosquist, G. & Widén, B. Operation of dichogamy and herkogamy in five taxa of Pulsatilla. Holarctic Ecol. 14, 260–271 (1991).
Bock, J. H. & Peterson, S. J. Reproductive biology of Pulsatilla patens (Ranunculaceae). Am. Midl. Nat. 94, 476–478 (1975).
Google Scholar
Uotila, P. Ecology and area of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 6, 105–111 (1969).
Lin, G. Z. et al. Somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis in the medicinal plant Pulsatilla koreana Nakai. PTCOC 106, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9897-z (2011).
Google Scholar
Šedivá, J. & Kubištowá, L. Influence of growth regulators on multiplication of pasqueflower (Pulsatilla sp.). Acta Pruhon. 89, 59–62 (2008) (In Czech).
Šedivá, J. In vitro root formation in Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. Propag. Ornam. Plants 12, 96–101 (2012).
Šedivá, J. & Žlebčík, J. Summary of findings from a propagation and ex situ conservation of Pulsatilla vernalis, P. pratensis ssp. bohemica, P. patens and P. grandis. Acta Pruhon. 100, 155–160 (2012). (In Czech with English summary).
Hanus-Fajerska, E., Kocot, D., Wiszniewska, A., Koźmińska, A. & Muszyńska, E. Micropropagation and experimental field cultivation of Pulsatilla turczaninovii Kryl. et Serg. (Ranunculaceae). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 147, 477–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02140-0 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pence, V. C. Evaluating costs for the in vitro propagation and preservation of endangered plants. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.–Plant 47, 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-010-9323-6 (2011).
Google Scholar
Streczynski, R. et al. Current issues in plant cryopreservation and importance for ex situ conservation of threatened Australian native species. Aust. J. Bot. 67, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT18147 (2019).
Google Scholar
Coelho, N., Gonçalves, S. & Romano, A. Endemic plant species conservation: Biotechnological approaches. Plants 9, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030345 (2020).
Google Scholar
Singh, R. J. Plant Cytogenetics 2nd edn. (CRC Press, 2003).
Priede, G. & Kļaviņa, D. In vitro cultivation and root initiation of the endangered plant Pulsatilla patens. Environ. Exp. Bot. 9, 71–74 (2011).
Doležel, J., Sgorbati, S. & Lucretti, S. Comparison of three DNA fluorochromes for flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA content in plants. Physiol. Plant. 85, 625–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04764.x (1992).
Google Scholar
Marie, D. & Brown, S. C. A cytometric exercise in plant DNA histograms, with 2C values for 70 species. Biol. Cell 78, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0248-4900(93)90113-S (1993).
Google Scholar
Thiem, B. & Sliwinska, E. Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content in cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) in vitro cultures. Plant Sci. 164, 129–134 (2003).
Google Scholar
Gavel, N. J. & Jarret, R. L. A modified CTAB DNA extraction procedure for Musa and Ipomoea. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9, 262–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02672076 (1991).
Google Scholar
Gupta, M., Chyi, Y. S., Romero-Severson, J. & Owen, J. L. Amplification of DNA markers from evolutionary diverse genomes using single primers of simple-sequence repeats. Theor. Appl. Genet. 89, 998–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224530 (1994).
Google Scholar
Stepansky, A., Kovalski, I. & Perl-Treves, R. Intraspecific classification of melons (Cucumis melo L.) in view of their phenotypic and molecular variation. Plant Syst. Evol. 217, 313–332 (1999).
Google Scholar
Huson, D. H. & Bryant, D. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj030 (2006).
Google Scholar