MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK

Erik Volz, Swapnil Mishra, Robert Johnson, Lily Geidelberg, Wes R. Hinsley, Daniel J. Laydon, Manon Ragonnet-Cronin, Olivia Boyd, David Jorgensen, Katy Gaythorpe, Samir Bhatt & Neil M. Ferguson

Public Health England, London, UK

Meera Chand, Gavin Dabrera, Ian Harrison, Nicholas J. Loman, Richard Myers, Natalie Groves, Elias Allara, Clare Pearson, Husam Osman, Andrew Bosworth, Esther Robinson, Peter Muir, Ian B. Vipond, Richard Hopes, Hannah M. Pymont, Stephanie Hutchings, Angie Lackenby, Tamyo Mbisa, Steven Platt, Shahjahan Miah, David Bibby, Carmen Manso, Jonathan Hubb, Mary Ramsay, Daniel Bradshaw, Alicia Thornton, Ulf Schaefer, Eileen Gallagher, David Lee, David Williams, Nicholas Ellaby, Hassan Hartman, Nikos Manesis, Vineet Patel, Chloe Bishop, Vicki Chalker, Juan Ledesma, Katherine A. Twohig & Susan Hopkins

Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK

Jeffrey C. Barrett, Robert Amato, Cristina V. Ariani, Sónia Gonçalves, David K. Jackson, John Sillitoe, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, Alex Alderton, Roberto Amato, Mathew A. Beale, Charlotte Beaver, Katherine L. Bellis, Emma Betteridge, James Bonfield, John Danesh, Matthew J. Dorman, Eleanor Drury, Ben W. Farr, Luke Foulser, Sonia Goncalves, Scott Goodwin, Marina Gourtovaia, Ewan M. Harrison, Dorota Jamrozy, Ian Johnston, Leanne Kane, Sally Kay, Jon-Paul Keatley, Dominic Kwiatkowski, Cordelia F. Langford, Mara Lawniczak, Laura Letchford, Rich Livett, Stephanie Lo, Inigo Martincorena, Samantha McGuigan, Rachel Nelson, Steve Palmer, Naomi R. Park, Minal Patel, Liam Prestwood, Christoph Puethe, Michael A. Quail, Shavanthi Rajatileka, Carol Scott, Lesley Shirley, Michael H. Spencer Chapman, Scott A. J. Thurston, Gerry Tonkin-Hill, Danni Weldon, Diana Rajan, Iraad F. Bronner, Louise Aigrain, Nicholas M. Redshaw, Stefanie V. Lensing, Robert Davies, Andrew Whitwham, Jennifier Liddle, Kevin Lewis, Jaime M. Tovar-Corona, Steven Leonard, Jillian Durham, Andrew R. Bassett, Shane McCarthy, Robin J. Moll, Keith James, Karen Oliver, Alex Makunin & Jeff Barrett

Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Áine O’Toole, Ben Jackson, John T. McCrone, Verity Hill & Andrew Rambaut

Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Nicholas J. Loman, Nicholas J. Loman, Joshua Quick, Claire McMurray, Joanne Stockton, Sam Nicholls, Will Rowe, Radoslaw Poplawski & Alan McNally

Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK

Seth Flaxman, Oliver Ratmann & Axel Gandy

Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Samir Bhatt

Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Barking, UK

Cherian Koshy & Amy Ash

Basingstoke Hospital, Basingstoke, UK

Emma Wise, Nathan Moore, Matilde Mori, Nick Cortes, Jessica Lynch & Stephen Kidd

Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK

Derek J. Fairley, Tanya Curran & James P. McKenna

Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Betsi Cadwaladr, UK

Helen Adams

Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Christophe Fraser, Tanya Golubchik & David Bonsall

Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK

Mohammed O. Hassan-Ibrahim, Cassandra S. Malone & Benjamin J. Cogger

Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Michelle Wantoch & Nicola Reynolds

Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Ben Warne

Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK

Joshua Maksimovic, Karla Spellman, Kathryn McCluggage, Michaela John, Robert Beer, Safiah Afifi & Sian Morgan

Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Angela Marchbank, Anna Price, Christine Kitchen, Huw Gulliver, Ian Merrick, Joel Southgate, Martyn Guest, Robert Munn, Trudy Workman, Thomas R. Connor, William Fuller & Catherine Bresner

Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, St. Thomas’ Hospital and Kings College London, London, UK

Luke B. Snell & Amita Patel

Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Themoula Charalampous, Gaia Nebbia, Rahul Batra & Jonathan Edgeworth

Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of Portsmouth (PORT), Portsmouth, UK

Samuel C. Robson & Angela H. Beckett

Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

David M. Aanensen, Anthony P. Underwood, Corin A. Yeats, Khalil Abudahab, Ben E. W. Taylor & Mirko Menegazzo

Clinical Microbiology Department, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK

Gemma Clark, Wendy Smith, Manjinder Khakh, Vicki M. Fleming, Michelle M. Lister, Hannah C. Howson-Wells, Louise Berry, Tim Boswell, Amelia Joseph, Iona Willingham & Carl Jones

Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK

Christopher Holmes, Paul Bird, Thomas Helmer, Karlie Fallon & Julian Tang

County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust, Durham, UK

Veena Raviprakash, Sharon Campbell, Nicola Sheriff, Victoria Blakey & Lesley-Anne Williams

Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Matthew W. Loose, Nadine Holmes, Christopher Moore, Matthew Carlile, Victoria Wright, Fei Sang & Johnny Debebe

Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Francesc Coll

Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK

Adrian W. Signell, Gilberto Betancor & Harry D. Wilson

Department of Microbiology, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, UK

Sahar Eldirdiri, Anita Kenyon & Thomas Davis

Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Oliver G. Pybus, Louis du Plessis, Alex E. Zarebski, Jayna Raghwani, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Sarah Francois, Stephen W. Attwood, Tetyana I. Vasylyeva, Marina Escalera Zamudio & Bernardo Gutierrez

Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

M. Estee Torok & William L. Hamilton

Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Ian G. Goodfellow, Grant Hall, Aminu S. Jahun, Yasmin Chaudhry, Myra Hosmillo, Malte L. Pinckert & Iliana Georgana

East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, UK

Samuel Moses & Hannah Lowe

East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Ipswich, UK

Luke Bedford

Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK

Jonathan Moore & Susanne Stonehouse

Genomics Innovation Unit, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Chloe L. Fisher & Ali R. Awan

Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK

John BoYes

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Judith Breuer, Kathryn Ann Harris, Julianne Rose Brown, Divya Shah, Laura Atkinson, Jack C. D. Lee & Nathaniel Storey

Guy’s and St. Thomas’ BRC, London, UK

Flavia Flaviani

Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals, London, UK

Adela Alcolea-Medina

Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Winchester, UK

Rebecca Williams & Gabrielle Vernet

Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Michael R. Chapman

Health Services Laboratories, London, UK

Lisa J. Levett, Judith Heaney, Wendy Chatterton & Monika Pusok

Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK

Li Xu-McCrae

Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

Darren L. Smith, Matthew Bashton & Gregory R. Young

Imperial College Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK

Alison Holmes, Paul Anthony Randell, Alison Cox, Pinglawathee Madona, Frances Bolt, James Price & Siddharth Mookerjee

Imperial College London, London, UK

Manon Ragonnet-Cronin, Fabricia F. Nascimento, David Jorgensen, Igor Siveroni, Rob Johnson, Olivia Boyd, Lily Geidelberg, Erik M. Volz, Aileen Rowan & Graham P. Taylor

Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, UK

Katherine L. Smollett

King’s College London, London, UK

Rocio T. Martinez Nunez

Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool, UK

Jenifer Mason, Trevor I. Robinson, Elaine O’Toole, Joanne Watts, Cassie Breen & Angela Cowell

Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone, UK

Graciela Sluga

Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

Nicholas W. Machin, Shazaad S. Y. Ahmad & Ryan P. George

Microbiology Department, Wye Valley NHS Trust, Hereford, UK

Fenella Halstead, Venkat Sivaprakasam & Wendy Hogsden

MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Chris J. Illingworth & Chris Jackson

MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK

Emma C. Thomson, James G. Shepherd, Patawee Asamaphan, Marc O. Niebel, Kathy K. Li, Rajiv N. Shah, Natasha G. Jesudason, Lily Tong, Alice Broos, Daniel Mair, Jenna Nichols, Stephen N. Carmichael, Kyriaki Nomikou, Elihu Aranday-Cortes, Natasha Johnson, Igor Starinskij, Ana da Silva Filipe, David L. Robertson, Richard J. Orton, Joseph Hughes, Sreenu Vattipally, Joshua B. Singer & Seema Nickbakhsh

National Infection Service, PHE and Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK

Antony D. Hale, Louissa R. Macfarlane-Smith, Katherine L. Harper & Holli Carden

Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK

Yusri Taha, Brendan A. I. Payne, Shirelle Burton-Fanning, Sheila Waugh, Jennifer Collins & Gary Eltringham

Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK

Steven Rushton & Sarah O’Brien

NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

Amanda Bradley, Alasdair Maclean, Guy Mollett & Rachel Blacow

NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK

Kate E. Templeton, Martin P. McHugh, Rebecca Dewar & Elizabeth Wastenge

Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK

Samir Dervisevic, Rachael Stanley, Emma J. Meader & Lindsay Coupland

Norfolk County Council, Norwich, UK

Louise Smith

North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Carlisle, UK

Clive Graham, Edward Barton, Debra Padgett & Garren Scott

North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK

Emma Swindells & Jane Greenaway

Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

Andrew Nelson, Clare M. McCann & Wen C. Yew

Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

Monique Andersson, Timothy Peto, Anita Justice, David Eyre & Derrick Crook

PathLinks, Northern Lincolnshire & Goole NHS Foundation Trust, Scunthorpe, UK

Tim J. Sloan, Nichola Duckworth & Sarah Walsh

Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

Anoop J. Chauhan, Sharon Glaysher, Kelly Bicknell, Sarah Wyllie, Scott Elliott, Allyson Lloyd & Robert Impey

Princess Alexandra Hospital Microbiology Department, Harlow, UK

Nick Levene & Lynn Monaghan

Public Health Agency, Belfast, UK

Declan T. Bradley & Tim Wyatt

Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK

Martin D. Curran & Surendra Parmar

Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK

Matthew T. G. Holden & Sharif Shaaban

Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK

Alec Birchley, Alexander Adams, Alisha Davies, Amy Gaskin, Amy Plimmer, Bree Gatica-Wilcox, Caoimhe McKerr, Catherine Moore, Chris Williams, David Heyburn, Elen De Lacy, Ember Hilvers, Fatima Downing, Giri Shankar, Hannah Jones, Hibo Asad, Jason Coombes, Joanne Watkins, Johnathan M. Evans, Laia Fina, Laura Gifford, Lauren Gilbert, Lee Graham, Malorie Perry, Mari Morgan, Matthew Bull, Michelle Cronin, Nicole Pacchiarini, Noel Craine, Rachel Jones, Robin Howe, Sally Corden, Sara Rey, Sara Kumziene-Summerhayes, Sarah Taylor, Simon Cottrell, Sophie Jones & Sue Edwards

Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK

Justin O’Grady, Andrew J. Page, Alison E. Mather, David J. Baker, Steven Rudder, Alp Aydin, Gemma L. Kay, Alexander J. Trotter, Nabil-Fareed Alikhan, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, Thanh Le-Viet & Lizzie Meadows

Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

Anna Casey & Liz Ratcliffe

Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

David A. Simpson, Zoltan Molnar, Thomas Thompson & Erwan Acheson

Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK

Jane A. H. Masoli, Bridget A. Knight, Sian Ellard, Cressida Auckland & Christopher R. Jones

Royal Free NHS Trust, London, UK

Tabitha W. Mahungu, Dianne Irish-Tavares, Tanzina Haque, Jennifer Hart & Eric Witele

Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK

Melisa Louise Fenton, Ashok Dadrah, Amanda Symmonds & Tranprit Saluja

School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth (PORT), Portsmouth, UK

Yann Bourgeois & Garry P. Scarlett

School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth (PORT), Portsmouth, UK

Katie F. Loveson, Salman Goudarzi, Christopher Fearn, Kate Cook, Hannah Dent & Hannah Paul

Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK

David G. Partridge, Mohammad Raza, Cariad Evans & Kate Johnson

South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK

Steven Liggett, Paul Baker, Stephen Bonner & Sarah Essex

Swansea University, Swansea, UK

Ronan A. Lyons

University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK

Kordo Saeed, Adhyana I. K. Mahanama, Buddhini Samaraweera, Siona Silveira, Emanuela Pelosi, Eleri Wilson-Davies, Jacqui A. Prieto & Sarah Jeremiah

University College London, London, UK

Rachel J. Williams, Mark Kristiansen, Sunando Roy, Charlotte A. Williams, Marius Cotic, Nadua Bayzid, Adam P. Westhorpe, John A. Hartley, Riaz Jannoo, Helen L. Lowe, Angeliki Karamani & Leah Ensell

University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK

Dimitris Grammatopoulos, Sarojini Pandey, Lisa Berry & Katie Jones

University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Alex Richter & Andrew Beggs

University of Birmingham Turnkey Laboratory, Birmingham, UK

Angus Best, Benita Percival, Jeremy Mirza, Oliver Megram, Megan Mayhew, Liam Crawford, Fiona Ashcroft, Emma Moles-Garcia & Nicola Cumley

University of Brighton, Brighton, UK

Colin P. Smith, Giselda Bucca & Andrew R. Hesketh

University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Beth Blane, Sophia T. Girgis, Danielle Leek, Sushmita Sridhar, Sally Forrest, Claire Cormie, Harmeet K. Gill, Joana Dias, Ellen E. Higginson, Mailis Maes, Jamie Young, Leanne M. Kermack, Ravi Kumar Gupta, Catherine Ludden, Sharon J. Peacock, Sophie Palmer, Carol M. Churcher, Nazreen F. Hadjirin, Alessandro M. Carabelli, Ellena Brooks, Kim S. Smith, Katerina Galai, Georgina M. McManus & Chris Ruis

University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

Rose K. Davidson

University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Andrew Rambaut, Thomas Williams, Carlos E. Balcazar, Michael D. Gallagher, Áine O’Toole, Stefan Rooke, Verity Hill, Kathleen A. Williamson & Thomas D. Stanton

University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Stephen L. Michell, Claire M. Bewshea, Ben Temperton, Michelle L. Michelsen, Joanna Warwick-Dugdale, Robin Manley, Audrey Farbos, James W. Harrison, Christine M. Sambles, David J. Studholme & Aaron R. Jeffries

University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Alistair C. Darby, Julian A. Hiscox, Steve Paterson, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, Kathryn A. Jackson, Anita O. Lucaci, Edith E. Vamos, Margaret Hughes, Lucille Rainbow, Richard Eccles, Charlotte Nelson, Mark Whitehead, Lance Turtle, Sam T. Haldenby, Richard Gregory, Matthew Gemmell, Claudia Wierzbicki & Hermione J. Webster

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Thushan I. de Silva, Nikki Smith, Adrienn Angyal, Benjamin B. Lindsey, Danielle C. Groves, Luke R. Green, Dennis Wang, Timothy M. Freeman, Matthew D. Parker, Alexander J. Keeley, Paul J. Parsons, Rachel M. Tucker, Rebecca Brown, Matthew Wyles, Max Whiteley, Peijun Zhang, Marta Gallis & Stavroula F. Louka

University of Warwick, Warwick, UK

Chrystala Constantinidou, Meera Unnikrishnan, Sascha Ott, Jeffrey K. J. Cheng, Hannah E. Bridgewater, Lucy R. Frost, Grace Taylor-Joyce, Richard Stark, Laura Baxter, Mohammad T. Alam & Paul E. Brown

University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Dinesh Aggarwal

Viapath, London, UK

Alberto C. Cerda, Tammy V. Merrill & Rebekah E. Wilson

Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Alberto C. Cerda, Tammy V. Merrill & Rebekah E. Wilson

King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Alberto C. Cerda, Tammy V. Merrill & Rebekah E. Wilson

Virology, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Patrick C. McClure, Joseph G. Chappell, Theocharis Tsoleridis & Jonathan Ball

Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

David Buck, John A. Todd, Angie Green, Amy Trebes, George MacIntyre-Cockett & Mariateresa de Cesare

West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

Rory N. Gunson